Preventing Child Abuse Essay -- Violence Against Children

Child abuse is a phenomenon in today’s society. Many people have been victims and although it has been taken into consideration, more surveillance should be taking place. There are three types of abuse that ruin the life of a child: physical, emotional, and sexual. However, focusing on domestic violence, a child will be affected by physical and emotional abuse. The problem is that some parents may not even consider how it affects their child in public places. When a child has been abused, how long does it affect him or her into adulthood? Though there are different ways to discipline, a parent can choose from a variety of rewards to reinforce good behavior; furthermore, a trusted committee should organize ongoing parenting classes to help parents to control their temper. What are the other consequences of abuse? Parents who abuse their kids were abused and had a poor upbringing. Nowadays with technology and researches found, they could help change and also teach their kids to avoid the same mistakes when they grow up. As the child grows, parents can set limits instead of violence. Fact is that when kids behave out of the normal, it is not to make parents angry but because they are in need of attention. We all know that parents’ the first reaction is to lose it, so instead of punching, parents can try time outs until the child comprehends why he or she is being punished. It is also a matter of good training in junior high. Kids are always trying to act bigger than their shoe size. A method that could help both the parents and the teen is the motivated reward. By doing this, the child makes better decision, because if the parent knows what motivates a child, that could help the child behave differently in order to get what he or sh... ...uld have done about it. Children who have a second shot at a loving upbringing have the capacity to change the world where they will know how to say â€Å"no† to abuse. They will also be able to talk to their own children about abusive moments and what they should do reacting to that moment. They will know that abusers could be anyone and that is important to tell a trusted friend if someone abuses them. Works Cited Barnard-Thompson, Kathleen, and Pierre Leichner. â€Å"Psychiatric Residents’ Views on their Training and Experience Regarding Issues Related to Child Abuse. â€Å" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 44 (Oct 1999): 6-9 Kliest, George A. â€Å"Research on Long-term Effects of Child Abuse.† Family Journal 7 (Apr 1999): 154-163. Galileo. 11 Nov 2001 http://www.preventchildabuse.org/publications/parents/index.shtml Conversation with Professor McDonald. (Dec 18. 2009)

Chapter 24 Rita Skeeter’s Scoop

Everybody got up late on Boxing Day. The Gryffindor common room was much quieter than it had been lately, many yawns punctuating the lazy conversations. Hermione's hair was bushy again; she confessed to Harry that she had used liberal amounts of Sleekeazy's Hair Potion on it for the ball, â€Å"but it's way too much bother to do every day,† she said matter-of-factly, scratching a purring Crookshanks behind the ears. Ron and Hermione seemed to have reached an unspoken agreement not to discuss their argument. They were being quite friendly to each other, though oddly formal. Ron and Harry wasted no time in telling Hermione about the conversation they had overheard between Madame Maxime and Hagrid, but Hermione didn't seem to find the news that Hagrid was a half-giant nearly as shocking as Ron did. â€Å"Well, I thought he must be,† she said, shrugging. â€Å"I knew he couldn't be pure giant because they're about twenty feet tall. But honestly, all this hysteria about giants. They can't all be horrible†¦.It's the same sort of prejudice that people have toward werewolves†¦.It's just bigotry, isn't it?† Ron looked as though he would have liked to reply scathingly, but perhaps he didn't want another row, because he contented himself with shaking his head disbelievingly while Hermione wasn't looking. It was time now to think of the homework they had neglected during the first week of the holidays. Everybody seemed to be feeling rather flat now that Christmas was over – everybody except Harry, that is, who was starting (once again) to feel slightly nervous. The trouble was that February the twenty-fourth looked a lot closer from this side of Christmas, and he still hadn't done anything about working out the clue inside the golden egg. He therefore started taking the egg out of his trunk every time he went up to the dormitory, opening it, and listening intently, hoping that this time it would make some sense. He strained to think what the sound reminded him of, apart from thirty musical saws, but he had never heard anything else like it. He closed the egg, shook it vigorously, and opened it again to see if the sound had changed, but it hadn't. He tried asking the egg questions, shouting over all the wailing, but nothing happened. He even threw the egg across the room – though he hadn't really expected that to help. Harry had not forgotten the hint that Cedric had given him, but his less-than-friendly feelings toward Cedric just now meant that he was keen not to take his help if he could avoid it. In any case, it seemed to him that if Cedric had really wanted to give Harry a hand, he would have been a lot more explicit. He, Harry, had told Cedric exactly what was coming in the first task – and Cedric's idea of a fair exchange had been to tell Harry to take a bath. Well, he didn't need that sort of rubbishy help – not from someone who kept walking down corridors hand in hand with Cho, anyway. And so the first day of the new term arrived, and Harry set off to lessons, weighed down with books, parchment, and quills as usual, but also with the lurking worry of the egg heavy in his stomach, as though he were carrying that around with him too. Snow was still thick upon the grounds, and the greenhouse windows were covered in condensation so thick that they couldn't see out of them in Herbology. Nobody was looking forward to Care of Magical Creatures much in this weather, though as Ron said, the skrewts would probably warm them up nicely, either by chasing them, or blasting off so forcefully that Hagrid's cabin would catch fire. When they arrived at Hagrid ‘s cabin, however, they found an elderly witch with closely cropped gray hair and a very prominent chin standing before his front door. â€Å"Hurry up, now, the bell rang five minutes ago,† she barked at them as they struggled toward her through the snow. â€Å"Who're you?† said Ron, staring at her. â€Å"Where's Hagrid?† â€Å"My name is Professor Grubbly-Plank,† she said briskly. â€Å"I am your temporary Care of Magical Creatures teacher.† â€Å"Where's Hagrid?† Harry repeated loudly. â€Å"He is indisposed,† said Professor Grubbly-Plank shortly. Soft and unpleasant laughter reached Harry's ears. He turned; Draco Malfoy and the rest of the Slytherins were joining the class. All of them looked gleeful, and none of them looked surprised to see Professor Grubbly-Plank. â€Å"This way, please,† said Professor Grubbly-Plank, and she strode off around the paddock where the Beauxbatons horses were shivering. Harry, Ron, and Hermione followed her, looking back over their shoulders at Hagrid's cabin. All the curtains were closed. Was Hagrid in there, alone and ill? â€Å"What's wrong with Hagrid?† Harry said, hurrying to catch up with Professor Grubbly-Plank. â€Å"Never you mind,† she said as though she thought he was being nosy. â€Å"I do mind, though,† said Harry hotly. â€Å"What's up with him?† Professor Grubbly-Plank acted as though she couldn't hear him. She led them past the paddock where the huge Beauxbatons horses were standing, huddled against the cold, and toward a tree on the edge of the forest, where a large and beautiful unicorn was tethered. Many of the girls â€Å"ooooohed!† at the sight of the unicorn. â€Å"Oh it's so beautiful!† whispered Lavender Brown. â€Å"How did she get it? They're supposed to be really hard to catch!† The unicorn was so brightly white it made the snow all around look gray. It was pawing the ground nervously with its golden hooves and throwing back its horned head. â€Å"Boys keep back!† barked Professor Grubbly-Plank, throwing out an arm and catching Harry hard in the chest. â€Å"They prefer the woman's touch, unicorns. Girls to the front, and approach with care, come on, easy does it†¦.† She and the girls walked slowly forward toward the unicorn, leaving the boys standing near the paddock fence, watching. The moment Professor Grubbly-Plank was out of earshot. Harry turned to Ron. â€Å"What d'you reckons wrong with him? You don't think a skrewt -?† â€Å"Oh he hasn't been attacked, Potter, if that's what you're thinking,† said Malfoy softly. â€Å"No, he's just too ashamed to show his big, ugly face.† â€Å"What d'you mean?† said Harry sharply. Malfoy put his hand inside the pocket of his robes and pulled out a folded page of newsprint. â€Å"There you go,† he said. â€Å"Hate to break it to you. Potter†¦.† He smirked as Harry snatched the page, unfolded it, and read it, with Ron, Seamus, Dean, and Neville looking over his shoulder. It was an article topped with a picture of Hagrid looking extremely shifty. DUMBLEDORE'S GIANT MISTAKE Albus Dumbledore, eccentric Headmaster of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, has never been afraid to make controversial staff appointments, writes Rita Skeeter, Special Correspondent. In September of this year, he hired Alastor â€Å"Mad-Eye† Moody, the notoriously jinx-happy ex-Auror, to teach Defense Against the Dark Arts, a decision that caused many raised eyebrows at the Ministry of Magic, given Moody's well-known habit of attacking anybody who makes a sudden movement in his presence. Mad-Eye Moody, however, looks responsible and kindly when set beside the part-human Dumbledore employs to teach Care of Magical Creatures. Rubeus Hagrid, who admits to being expelled from Hogwarts in his third year, has enjoyed the position of gamekeeper at the school ever since, a job secured for him by Dumbledore. Last year, however, Hagrid used his mysterious influence over the headmaster to secure the additional post of Care of Magical Creatures teache r, over the heads of many better-qualified candidates. An alarmingly large and ferocious-looking man, Hagrid has been using his newfound authority to terrify the students in his care with a succession of horrific creatures. While Dumbledore turns a blind eye, Hagrid has maimed several pupils during a series of lessons that many admit to being â€Å"very frightening.† ‘I was attacked by a hippogriff, and my friend Vincent Crabbe got a bad bite off a flobberworm,† says Draco Malfoy, a fourth-year student. â€Å"We all hate Hagrid, but we're just too scared to say anything.† Hagrid has no intention of ceasing his campaign of intimidation, however. In conversation with a Daily Prophet reporter last month, he admitted breeding creatures he has dubbed â€Å"Blast-Ended Skrewts,† highly dangerous crosses between manti-cores and fire-crabs. The creation of new breeds of magical creature is, of course, an activity usually closely observed by the Department fo r the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures. Hagrid, however, considers himself to be above such petty restrictions. â€Å"I was just having some fun,† he says, before hastily changing the subject. As if this were not enough, the Daily Prophet has now unearthed evidence that Hagrid is not – as he has always pretended – a pure-blood wizard. He is not, in fact, even pure human. His mother, we can exclusively reveal, is none other than the giantess Fridwulfa, whose whereabouts are currently unknown. Bloodthirsty and brutal, the giants brought themselves to the point of extinction by warring amongst themselves during the last century. The handful that remained joined the ranks of He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named, and were responsible for some of the worst mass Muggle killings of his reign of terror. While many of the giants who served He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named were killed by Aurors working against the Dark Side, Fridwulfa was not among them. It is possible she escaped to one of the giant communities still existing in foreign mountain ranges. If his antics during Care of Magical Creatures lessons are any guide, however, Frid-wulfa's son appears to have inherited her brutal nature. In a bizarre twist, Hagrid is reputed to have developed a close friendship with the boy who brought around You-Know-Who's fall from power – thereby driving Hagrid's own mother, like the rest of You-Know-Who's supporters, into hiding. Perhaps Harry Potter is unaware of the unpleasant truth about his large friend – but Albus Dumbledore surely has a duty to ensure that Harry Potter, along with his fellow students, is warned about the dangers of associating with part-giants. Harry finished reading and looked up at Ron, whose mouth was hanging open. â€Å"How did she find out?† he whispered. But that wasn't what was bothering Harry. â€Å"What d'you mean, ‘we all hate Hagrid'?† Harry spat at Malfoy. â€Å"What's this rubbish about him† – he pointed at Crabbe – â€Å"getting a bad bite off a flobberworm? They haven't even got teeth!† Crabbe was sniggering, apparently very pleased with himself. â€Å"Well, I think this should put an end to the oaf's teaching career,† said Malfoy, his eyes glinting. â€Å"Half-giant†¦and there was me thinking he'd just swallowed a bottle of Skele-Gro when he was young†¦.None of the mummies and daddies are going to like this at all†¦.They'll be worried he'll eat their kids, ha, ha†¦.† â€Å"You -â€Å" â€Å"Are you paying attention over there?† Professor Grubbly-Planks voice carried over to the boys; the girls were all clustered around the unicorn now, stroking it. Harry was so angry that the Daily Prophet article shook in his hands as he turned to stare unseeingly at the unicorn, whose many magical properties Professor Grubbly-Plank was now enumerating in a loud voice, so that the boys could hear too. â€Å"I hope she stays, that woman!† said Parvati Patil when the lesson had ended and they were all heading back to the castle for lunch. â€Å"That's more what I thought Care of Magical Creatures would be like†¦proper creatures like unicorns, not monsters†¦.† â€Å"What about Hagrid?† Harry said angrily as they went up the steps. â€Å"What about him?† said Parvati in a hard voice. â€Å"He can still be gamekeeper, can't he?† Parvati had been very cool toward Harry since the ball. He supposed that he ought to have paid her a bit more attention, but she seemed to have had a good time all the same. She was certainly telling anybody who would listen that she had made arrangements to meet the boy from Beauxbatons in Hogsmeade on the next weekend trip. â€Å"That was a really good lesson,† said Hermione as they entered the Great Hall. â€Å"I didn't know half the things Professor Grubbly-Plank told us about uni -â€Å" â€Å"Look at this!† Harry snarled, and he shoved the Daily Prophet article under Hermione's nose. Hermione's mouth fell open as she read. Her reaction was exactly the same as Ron's. â€Å"How did that horrible Skeeter woman find out? You don't think Hagrid told her?† â€Å"No,† said Harry, leading the way over to the Gryffindor table and throwing himself into a chair, furious. â€Å"He never even told us, did he? I reckon she was so mad he wouldn't give her loads of horrible stuff about me, she went ferreting around to get him back.† â€Å"Maybe she heard him telling Madame Maxime at the ball,† said Hermione quietly. â€Å"We'd have seen her in the garden!† said Ron. â€Å"Anyway, she's not supposed to come into school anymore, Hagrid said Dumbledore banned her†¦.† â€Å"Maybe she's got an Invisibility Cloak,† said Harry, ladling chicken casserole onto his plate and splashing it everywhere in his anger. â€Å"Sort of thing she'd do, isn't it, hide in bushes listening to people.† â€Å"Like you and Ron did, you mean,† said Hermione. â€Å"We weren't trying to hear him!† said Ron indignantly. â€Å"We didn't have any choice! The stupid prat, talking about his giantess mother where anyone could have heard him!† â€Å"We've got to go and see him,† said Harry. â€Å"This evening, after Divination. Tell him we want him back†¦you do want him back?† he shot at Hermione. â€Å"I – well, I'm not going to pretend it didn't make a nice change, having a proper Care of Magical Creatures lesson for once – but I do want Hagrid back, of course I do!† Hermione added hastily, quailing under Harry's furious stare. So that evening after dinner, the three of them left the castle once more and went down through the frozen grounds to Hagrid's cabin. They knocked, and Fang's booming barks answered. â€Å"Hagrid, it's us!† Harry shouted, pounding on the door. â€Å"Open up!† Hagrid didn't answer. They could hear Fang scratching at the door, whining, but it didn't open. They hammered on it for ten more minutes; Ron even went and banged on one of the windows, but there was no response. â€Å"What's he avoiding us for?† Hermione said when they had finally given up and were walking back to the school. â€Å"He surely doesn't think we'd care about him being half-giant?† But it seemed that Hagrid did care. They didn't see a sign of him all week. He didn't appear at the staff table at mealtimes, they didn't see him going about his gamekeeper duties on the grounds, and Professor Grubbly-Plank continued to take the Care of Magical Creatures classes. Malfoy was gloating at every possible opportunity. â€Å"Missing your half-breed pal?† he kept whispering to Harry whenever there was a teacher around, so that he was safe from Harry's retaliation. â€Å"Missing the elephant-man?† There was a Hogsmeade visit halfway through January. Hermione was very surprised that Harry was going to go. â€Å"I just thought you'd want to take advantage of the common room being quiet,† she said. â€Å"Really get to work on that egg.† â€Å"Oh I – I reckon I've got a pretty good idea what it's about now,† Harry lied. â€Å"Have you really?† said Hermione, looking impressed. â€Å"Well done!† Harry's insides gave a guilty squirm, but he ignored them. He still had five weeks to work out that egg clue, after all, and that was ages†¦whereas if he went into Hogsmeade, he might run into Hagrid, and get a chance to persuade him to come back. He, Ron, and Hermione left the castle together on Saturday and set off through the cold, wet grounds toward the gates. As they passed the Durmstrang ship moored in the lake, they saw Viktor Krum emerge onto the deck, dressed in nothing but swimming trunks. He was very skinny indeed, but apparently a lot tougher than he looked, because he climbed up onto the side of the ship, stretched out his arms, and dived, right into the lake. â€Å"He's mad!† said Harry, staring at Krum's dark head as it bobbed out into the middle of the lake. â€Å"It must be freezing, it's January!† â€Å"It's a lot colder where he comes from,† said Hermione. â€Å"I suppose it feels quite warm to him.† â€Å"Yeah, but there's still the giant squid,† said Ron. He didn't sound anxious – if anything, he sounded hopeful. Hermione noticed his tone of voice and frowned. â€Å"He's really nice, you know,† she said. â€Å"He's not at all like you'd think, coming from Durmstrang. He likes it much better here, he told me.† Ron said nothing. He hadn't mentioned Viktor Krum since the ball, but Harry had found a miniature arm under his bed on Boxing Day, which had looked very much as though it had been snapped off a small model figure wearing Bulgarian Quidditch robes. Harry kept his eyes skinned for a sign of Hagrid all the way down the slushy High Street, and suggested a visit to the Three Broomsticks once he had ascertained that Hagrid was not in any of the shops. The pub was as crowded as ever, but one quick look around at all the tables told Harry that Hagrid wasn't there. Heart sinking, he went up to the bar with Ron and Hermione, ordered three butterbeers from Madam Rosmerta, and thought gloomily that he might just as well have stayed behind and listened to the egg wailing after all. â€Å"Doesn't he ever go into the office?† Hermione whispered suddenly. â€Å"Look!† She pointed into the mirror behind the bar, and Harry saw Ludo Bagman reflected there, sitting in a shadowy corner with a bunch of goblins. Bagman was talking very fast in a low voice to the goblins, all of whom had their arms crossed and were looking rather menacing. It was indeed odd. Harry thought, that Bagman was here at the Three Broomsticks on a weekend when there was no Triwizard event, and therefore no judging to be done. He watched Bagman in the mirror. He was looking strained again, quite as strained as he had that night in the forest before the Dark Mark had appeared. But just then Bagman glanced over at the bar, saw Harry, and stood up. â€Å"In a moment, in a moment!† Harry heard him say brusquely to the goblins, and Bagman hurried through the pub toward Harry, his boyish grin back in place. â€Å"Harry!† he said. â€Å"How are you? Been hoping to run into you! Everything going all right?† â€Å"Fine, thanks,† said Harry. â€Å"Wonder if I could have a quick, private word, Harry?† said Bagman eagerly. â€Å"You couldn't give us a moment, you two, could you?† â€Å"Er – okay,† said Ron, and he and Hermione went off to find a table. Bagman led Harry along the bar to the end furthest from Madam Rosmerta. â€Å"Well, I just thought I'd congratulate you again on your splendid performance against that Horntail, Harry,† said Bagman. â€Å"Really superb.† â€Å"Thanks,† said Harry, but he knew this couldn't be all that Bagman wanted to say, because he could have congratulated Harry in front of Ron and Hermione. Bagman didn't seem in any particular rush to spill the beans, though. Harry saw him glance into the mirror over the bar at the goblins, who were all watching him and Harry in silence through their dark, slanting eyes. â€Å"Absolute nightmare,† said Bagman to Harry in an undertone, noticing Harry watching the goblins too. â€Å"Their English isn't too good†¦it's like being back with all the Bulgarians at the Quidditch World Cup†¦but at least they used sign language another human could recognize. This lot keep gabbling in Gobblede-gook†¦and I only know one word of Gobbledegook. Bladvak. It means ‘pickax.' I don't like to use it in case they think I'm threatening them.† He gave a short, booming laugh. â€Å"What do they want?† Harry said, noticing how the goblins were still watching Bagman very closely. â€Å"Er – well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Bagman, looking suddenly nervous. â€Å"They†¦er†¦they're looking for Barty Crouch.† â€Å"Why are they looking for him here?† said Harry. â€Å"He's at the Ministry in London, isn't he?† â€Å"Er†¦as a matter of fact, I've no idea where he is,† said Bagman. â€Å"He's sort of†¦stopped coming to work. Been absent for a couple of weeks now. Young Percy, his assistant, says he's ill. Apparently he's just been sending instructions in by owl. But would you mind not mentioning that to anyone. Harry? Because Rita Skeeter's still poking around everywhere she can, and I'm willing to bet she'd work up Bartys illness into something sinister. Probably say he's gone missing like Bertha Jorkins.† â€Å"Have you heard anything about Bertha Jorkins?† Harry asked. â€Å"No,† said Bagman, looking strained again. â€Å"I've got people looking, of course†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (About time, thought Harry) â€Å"and it's all very strange. She definitely arrived in Albania, because she met her second cousin there. And then she left the cousin's house to go south and see an aunt†¦and she seems to have vanished without trace en route. Blowed if I can see where she's got to†¦she doesn't seem the type to elope, for instance†¦but still†¦.What are we doing, talking about goblins and Bertha Jorkins? I really wanted to ask you† – he lowered his voice – â€Å"how are you getting on with your golden egg?† â€Å"Er†¦not bad,† Harry said untruthfully. Bagman seemed to know he wasn't being honest. â€Å"Listen, Harry,† he said (still in a very low voice), â€Å"I feel very bad about all this†¦you were thrown into this tournament, you didn't volunteer for it†¦and if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (his voice was so quiet now, Harry had to lean closer to listen) â€Å"if I can help at all†¦a prod in the right direction†¦I've taken a liking to you†¦the way you got past that dragon!†¦well, just say the word.† Harry stared up into Bagman's round, rosy face and his wide, baby-blue eyes. â€Å"We're supposed to work out the clues alone, aren't we?† he said, careful to keep his voice casual and not sound as though he was accusing the head of the Department of Magical Games and Sports of breaking the rules. â€Å"Well†¦well, yes,† said Bagman impatiently, â€Å"but – come on. Harry – we all want a Hogwarts victory, don't we?† â€Å"Have you offered Cedric help?† Harry said. The smallest of frowns creased Bagman's smooth face. â€Å"No, I haven't,† he said. â€Å"I – well, like I say, I've taken a liking to you. Just thought I'd offer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Well, thanks,† said Harry, â€Å"but I think I'm nearly there with the egg†¦couple more days should crack it.† He wasn't entirely sure why he was refusing Bagman's help, except that Bagman was almost a stranger to him, and accepting his assistance would feel somehow much more like cheating than asking advice from Ron, Hermione, or Sirius. Bagman looked almost affronted, but couldn't say much more as Fred and George turned up at that point. â€Å"Hello, Mr. Bagman,† said Fred brightly. â€Å"Can we buy you a drink?† â€Å"Er†¦no,† said Bagman, with a last disappointed glance at Harry, â€Å"no, thank you, boys†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Fred and George looked quite as disappointed as Bagman, who was surveying Harry as though he had let him down badly. â€Å"Well, I must dash,† he said. â€Å"Nice seeing you all. Good luck, Harry.† He hurried out of the pub. The goblins all slid off their chairs and exited after him. Harry went to rejoin Ron and Hermione. â€Å"What did he want?† Ron said, the moment Harry had sat down. â€Å"He offered to help me with the golden egg,† said Harry. â€Å"He shouldn't be doing that!† said Hermione, looking very shocked. â€Å"He's one of the judges! And anyway, you've already worked it out – haven't you?† â€Å"Er†¦nearly,† said Harry. â€Å"Well, I don't think Dumbledore would like it if he knew Bagman was trying to persuade you to cheat!† said Hermione, still looking deeply disapproving. â€Å"I hope he's trying to help Cedric as much!† â€Å"He's not, I asked,† said Harry. â€Å"Who cares if Diggory's getting help?† said Ron. Harry privately agreed. â€Å"Those goblins didn't look very friendly,† said Hermione, sipping her butterbeer. â€Å"What were they doing here?† â€Å"Looking for Crouch, according to Bagman,† said Harry. â€Å"He's still ill. Hasn't been into work.† â€Å"Maybe Percy's poisoning him,† said Ron. â€Å"Probably thinks if Crouch snuffs it he'll be made head of the Department of International Magical Cooperation.† Hermione gave Ron a don't-joke-about-things-like-that look, and said, â€Å"Funny, goblins looking for Mr. Crouch†¦.They'd normally deal with the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures.† â€Å"Crouch can speak loads of different languages, though,† said Harry. â€Å"Maybe they need an interpreter.† â€Å"Worrying about poor ‘ickle goblins, now, are you?† Ron asked Hermione. â€Å"Thinking of starting up S.P.U.G. or something? Society for the Protection of Ugly Goblins?† â€Å"Ha, ha, ha,† said Hermione sarcastically. â€Å"Goblins don't need protection. Haven't you been listening to what Professor Binns has been telling us about goblin rebellions?† â€Å"No,† said Harry and Ron together. â€Å"Well, the're quite capable of dealing with wizards,† said Hermione, taking another sip of butterbeer. â€Å"They're very clever. They're not like house-elves, who never stick up for themselves.† â€Å"Uh-oh,† said Ron, staring at the door. Rita Skeeter had just entered. She was wearing banana-yellow robes today; her long nails were painted shocking pink, and she was accompanied by her paunchy photographer. She bought drinks, and she and the photographer made their way through the crowds to a table nearby. Harry, Ron, and Hermione glaring at her as she approached. She was talking fast and looking very satisfied about something. â€Å"†¦didn't seem very keen to talk to us, did he, Bozo? Now, why would that be, do you think? And what's he doing with a pack of goblins in tow anyway? Showing them the sights†¦what nonsense†¦he was always a bad liar. Reckon something's up? Think we should do a bit of digging? ‘Disgraced Ex-Head of Magical Games and Sports, Ludo Bagman†¦' Snappy start to a sentence, Bozo – we just need to find a story to fit it -â€Å" â€Å"Trying to ruin someone else's life?† said Harry loudly. A few people looked around. Rita Skeeter's eyes widened behind her jeweled spectacles as she saw who had spoken. â€Å"Harry!† she said, beaming. â€Å"How lovely! Why don't you come and join-?† â€Å"I wouldn't come near you with a ten-foot broomstick,† said Harry furiously. â€Å"What did you do that to Hagrid for, eh?† Rita Skeeter raised her heavily penciled eyebrows. â€Å"Our readers have a right to the truth, Harry. I am merely doing my-â€Å" â€Å"Who cares if he's half-giant?† Harry shouted. â€Å"There's nothing wrong with him!† The whole pub had gone very quiet. Madam Rosmerta was staring over from behind the bar, apparently oblivious to the fact that the flagon she was filling with mead was overflowing. Rita Skeeter's smile flickered very slightly, but she hitched it back almost at once; she snapped open her crocodile-skin handbag, pulled out her Quick-Quotes Quill, and said, â€Å"How about giving me an interview about the Hagrid you know. Harry? The man behind the muscles? Your unlikely friendship and the reasons behind it. Would you call him a father substitute?† Hermione stood up very abruptly, her butterbeer clutched in her hand as though it were a grenade. â€Å"You horrible woman,† she said, through gritted teeth, â€Å"you don't care, do you, anything for a story, and anyone will do, wont they? Even Ludo Bagman -â€Å" â€Å"Sit down, you silly little girl, and don't talk about things you don't understand,† said Rita Skeeter coldly, her eyes hardening as they fell on Hermione. â€Å"I know things about Ludo Bagman that would make your hair curl†¦not that it needs it -† she added, eyeing Hermione's bushy hair. â€Å"Let's go,† said Hermione, â€Å"c'mon. Harry – Ron†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They left; many people were staring at them as they went. Harry glanced back as they reached the door. Rita Skeeter's Quick-Quotes Quill was out; it was zooming backward and forward over a piece of parchment on the table. â€Å"She'll be after you next, Hermione,† said Ron in a low and worried voice as they walked quickly back up the street. â€Å"Let her try!† said Hermione defiantly; she was shaking with rage. â€Å"I'll show her! Silly little girl, am I? Oh, I'll get her back for this. First Harry, then Hagrid†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You don't want to go upsetting Rita Skeeter,† said Ron nervously. â€Å"I'm serious, Hermione, she'll dig up something on you -â€Å" â€Å"My parents don't read the Daily Prophet. She can't scare me into hiding!† said Hermione, now striding along so fast that it was all Harry and Ron could do to keep up with her. The last time Harry had seen Hermione in a rage like this, she had hit Draco Malfoy around the face. â€Å"And Hagrid isn't hiding anymore! He should never have let that excuse for a human being upset him! Come on!† Breaking into a run, she led them all the way back up the road, through the gates flanked by winged boars, and up through the grounds to Hagrid's cabin. The curtains were still drawn, and they could hear Fang barking as they approached. â€Å"Hagrid!† Hermione shouted, pounding on his front door. â€Å"Hagrid, that's enough! We know you're in there! Nobody cares if your mum was a giantess, Hagrid! You can't let that foul Skeeter woman do this to you! Hagrid, get out here, you're just being -â€Å" The door opened. Hermione said, â€Å"About it-!† and then stopped, very suddenly, because she had found herself face-to-face, not with Hagrid, but with Albus Dumbledore. â€Å"Good afternoon,† he said pleasantly, smiling down at them. â€Å"We er we wanted to see Hagrid,† said Hermione in a rather small voice. â€Å"Yes, I surmised as much,† said Dumbledore, his eyes twinkling. â€Å"Why don't you come in?† â€Å"Oh†¦um†¦okay,† said Hermione. She, Ron, and Harry went into the cabin; Fang launched himself upon Harry the moment he entered, barking madly and trying to lick his ears. Harry fended off Fang and looked around. Hagrid was sitting at his table, where there were two large mugs of tea. He looked a real mess. His face was blotchy, his eyes swollen, and he had gone to the other extreme where his hair was concerned; far from trying to make it behave, it now looked like a wig of tangled wire. â€Å"Hi, Hagrid,† said Harry. Hagrid looked up. â€Å"‘Lo,† he said in a very hoarse voice. â€Å"More tea, I think,† said Dumbledore, closing the door behind Harry, Ron, and Hermione, drawing out his wand, and twiddling it; a revolving tea tray appeared in midair along with a plate of cakes. Dumbledore magicked the tray onto the table, and everybody sat down. There was a slight pause, and then Dumbledore said, â€Å"Did you by any chance hear what Miss Granger was shouting, Hagrid?† Hermione went slightly pink, but Dumbledore smiled at her and continued, â€Å"Hermione, Harry, and Ron still seem to want to know you, judging by the way they were attempting to break down the door.† â€Å"Of course we still want to know you!† Harry said, staring at Hagrid. â€Å"You don't think anything that Skeeter cow – sorry, Professor,† he added quickly, looking at Dumbledore. â€Å"I have gone temporarily deaf and haven't any idea what you said. Harry,† said Dumbledore, twiddling his thumbs and staring at the ceiling. â€Å"Er-right,† said Harry sheepishly. â€Å"I just meant-Hagrid, how could you think we'd care what that-woman-wrote about you?† Two fat tears leaked out of Hagrid's beetle-black eyes and fell slowly into his tangled beard. â€Å"Living proof of what I've been telling you, Hagrid,† said Dumbledore, still looking carefully up at the ceiling. â€Å"I have shown you the letters from the countless parents who remember you from their own days here, telling me in no uncertain terms that if I sacked you, they would have something to say about it -â€Å" â€Å"Not all of 'em,† said Hagrid hoarsely. â€Å"Not all of 'em wan me ter stay.† â€Å"Really, Hagrid, if you are holding out for universal popularity, I'm afraid you will be in this cabin for a very long time,† said Dumbledore, now peering sternly over his half-moon spectacles. â€Å"Not a week has passed since I became headmaster of this school when I haven't had at least one owl complaining about the way I run it. But what should I do? Barricade myself in my study and refuse to talk to anybody?† â€Å"Yeh – yeh're not half-giant!† said Hagrid croakily. â€Å"Hagrid, look what I've got for relatives!† Harry said furiously. â€Å"Look at the Dursleys!† â€Å"An excellent point,† said Professor Dumbledore. â€Å"My own brother, Aberforth, was prosecuted for practicing inappropriate charms on a goat. It was all over the papers, but did Aberforth hide? No, he did not! He held his head high and went about his business as usual! Of course, I'm not entirely sure he can read, so that may not have been bravery†¦.† â€Å"Come back and teach, Hagrid,† said Hermione quietly, â€Å"please come back, we really miss you.† Hagrid gulped. More tears leaked out down his cheeks and into his tangled beard. Dumbledore stood up. â€Å"I refuse to accept your resignation, Hagrid, and I expect you back at work on Monday,† he said. â€Å"You will join me for breakfast at eight-thirty in the Great Hall. No excuses. Good afternoon to you all.† Dumbledore left the cabin, pausing only to scratch Fangs ears. When the door had shut behind him, Hagrid began to sob into his dustbin-lid-sized hands. Hermione kept patting his arm, and at last, Hagrid looked up, his eyes very red indeed, and said, â€Å"Great man, Dumbledore†¦great man†¦.† â€Å"Yeah, he is,† said Ron. â€Å"Can I have one of these cakes, Hagrid?† â€Å"Help yerself,† said Hagrid, wiping his eyes on the back of his hand. â€Å"Ar, he's righ', o' course – yeh're all righ'†¦I bin stupid†¦my ol' dad woulda bin ashamed o' the way I've bin behavin'†¦.† More tears leaked out, but he wiped them away more forcefully, and said, â€Å"Never shown you a picture of my old dad, have I? Here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hagrid got up, went over to his dresser, opened a drawer, and pulled out a picture of a short wizard with Hagrid's crinkled black eyes, beaming as he sat on top of Hagrid's shoulder. Hagrid was a good seven or eight feet tall, judging by the apple tree beside him, but his face was beardless, young, round, and smooth – he looked hardly older than eleven. â€Å"Tha was taken jus' after I got inter Hogwarts,† Hagrid croaked. â€Å"Dad was dead chuffed†¦thought I migh' not be a wizard, see, ‘cos me mum†¦well, anyway. ‘Course, I never was great shakes at magic, really†¦but at least he never saw me expelled. Died, see, in me second year†¦.† â€Å"Dumbledore was the one who stuck up for me after Dad went. Got me the gamekeeper job†¦trusts people, he does. Gives 'em second chances†¦tha's what sets him apar' from other heads, see. He'll accept anyone at Hogwarts, s'long as they've got the talent. Knows people can turn out okay even if their families weren'†¦well†¦all tha' respectable. But some don understand that. There's some who'd always hold it against yeh†¦there's some who'd even pretend they just had big bones rather than stand up an' say – I am what I am, an' I'm not ashamed. ‘Never be ashamed,' my ol' dad used ter say, ‘there's some who'll hold it against you, but they're not worth botherin' with.' An' he was right. I've bin an idiot. I'm not botherin' with her no more, I promise yeh that. Big bones†¦I'll give her big bones.† Harry, Ron, and Hermione looked at one another nervously; Harry would rather have taken fifty Blast-Ended Skrewts for a walk than admit to Hagrid that he had overheard him talking to Madame Maxime, but Hagrid was still talking, apparently unaware that he had said anything odd. â€Å"Yeh know wha, Harry?† he said, looking up from the photograph of his father, his eyes very bright, â€Å"when I firs' met you, you reminded me o' me a bit. Mum an' Dad gone, an' you was feelin' like yeh wouldn' fit in at Hogwarts, remember? Not sure yeh were really up to it†¦an' now look at yeh, Harry! School champion!† He looked at Harry for a moment and then said, very seriously, â€Å"Yeh know what I'd love. Harry? I'd love yeh ter win, I really would. It'd show 'em all†¦yeh don' have ter be pureblood ter do it. Yeh don have ter be ashamed of what yeh are. It'd show 'em Dumbledore's the one who's got it righ', lettin' anyone in as long as they can do magic. How you doin' with that egg, Harry?† â€Å"Great,† said Harry. â€Å"Really great.† Hagrid's miserable face broke into a wide, watery smile. â€Å"Tha's my boy†¦you show 'em, Harry, you show 'em. Beat 'em all.† Lying to Hagrid wasn't quite like lying to anyone else. Harry went back to the castle later that afternoon with Ron and Hermione, unable to banish the image of the happy expression on Hagrid's whiskery face as he had imagined Harry winning the tournament. The incomprehensible egg weighed more heavily than ever on Harry's conscience that evening, and by the time he had got into bed, he had made up his mind – it was time to shelve his pride and see if Cedric's hint was worth anything.

Sterilization of Water

Project Report – Determination of the Dosage of Bleaching Powder Required for Sterilization of Different Samples of Water CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. GENERAL METHODS USED 3. THEORY 4. REQUIREMENTS 5. PROCEDURE 6. OBSERVATION TABLES 7. CALCULATIONS 8. RESULT 9. CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Water is the major constituent of all living beings. Water necessary to sustain all types of life. The water used for drinking purpose by human beings should full the following conditions : 1. It should be colourless. 2. It should not possess any smell. 3.It should contain any harmful dissolved salts such as nitrates, mercury salts, lead salts. 4. It should not be contain any living organism such as algae, fungus, bacteria etc. Sterilization of Disinfection of Water In order to obtain water for drinking purpose, water is first treated with alum whereby clay and other colloidal particles go precipitated the suspended impurities are then removed by filtration and the clear water obtained is subjecte d to some suitable treatment to destroy harmful germs and bacteria. These bacteria cause many dangerous disease such as cholera, thyroid, dysentery, tuberculosis, diphtheria etc.The process of killing the harmful bacteria by some suitable treatment of water is called STERILIZATION of DISINFECTION OF WATER. The common sterilizer agents are chlorine, ozone, bleaching powder, potassium per magnate chloramines. Sterilization of water through bleaching powder gives chlorine and if it is in excess, it is harmful for health and causes diseases like chlorawis, unconsciousness etc. So here we determine the exact amount of bleaching powder used of required for the sterilization of given samples of water. General Methods of Sterilizing WaterThere are many methods of sterilizing water but the best is one which gives sample of water which is totally free from germs. Sometimes potassium per magnate is used to disinfect water but it is not for drinking as it gives red colour and the excess of it i s in harmful for health. We use dissolve in water, so it can not be used in large scale. Another method for disinfection is by simply boiling the water for about 15 minutes, but this powder. The chemical action of bleaching powder on germs and bacteria is due to the chlorine which becomes available, when it is added to water.So here in the present context, we shall focus on disinfection of water using bleaching powder. Theory Objective :  Our objective of this project is to determine the amount of bleaching powder required for the sterilization of given samples of water. So certain steps are taken in the context as follows :- 1- A known mass of the given samples of bleaching powder is dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water. CaOCl2  + H2O ——————-> Ca(OH)2  + Cl2 – The amount of chlorine present in the above solution is determined by treating a known volume of the above solution with excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of iodine is liberated. The iodine, thus liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of sodium thiosulphate using starch solution as indicator. Cl2  + 2KI ——————–> 2KCl + I2 I2  + 2Na2S2O3  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€> Na2S4O6  + 2NaI 3- A known volume of one of the given samples of water is treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution.The amount of residual chlorines is determined by adding excess potassium iodine solution and then titrating against standard sodium thio-sulphate solution. 4- From the reading in 2 and 3, the amount of chloring and hence bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the given sample of water can be calculated. Requirements for the Experimental Determination Requirements are as follows : Apparatus : 1. Burette 2. Titration Flask 3. 500 ml measuring flask 4. 100 ml Graduated Cylinder 5. 250 ml Measuring flask 6. 1lt. Measuring flask 7. Glazed Tile 8. Glass Wool. Chemicals : 1.Bleaching powder -5gm. 2. Na2SO4—->12. 4 gm. 3. KI – 25gm. 4. Different Sample of Water 5. Distilled Water 6. Soluble starch – 1gm. 7. Indicator – Starch Solution. Procedure : 1- Preparation of N/20 Na2SO4  solution : Take 12. 4 gm of sodium thio-sulphate hydrated and mix it in about 500ml of water then the mixture is diluted to make the volume 1000ml. or 1lt. Normality = strength/Molecular Mass. = 12. 4 / 248 = 1/20N 2- Preparation of 10%KI solution: Take 25gm. of KI powder and mix it in about 100ml of water then dilute the mixture to make the volume 250 ml and take it in the measuring flask. – Preparation of Bleaching Powder solution : Weight 5gm of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200 ml of distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the f lask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool in measuring flask of 500ml. and dilute the filtrate with water to make the volume 500 ml. The solution of obtained is 1% bleaching powder of solution. 4- Preparation of starch solution : Take about 1gm of soluble starch and 10 ml of distilled water in a test table mix vigorously to obtain a paste. Pour the paste in about 100ml. of hot water contained in a beaker with constant stirring.Boil the contents for 4-5min. and then allow to cool. 5- Take 100ml. of distilled of water and then 20ml of bleaching powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and add it 20ml of 10% KI solution. Shake the mixture, titrate this solution against N/20 Na2S2O3 Solution taken in burette. When solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in colour add about 2ml of starch solution as indicator. The solution now becomes blue in colour. The end point is disappearance of blur colour, so continue titrating till t he blue colour just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three readings. – Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask and add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake it and titrates against N/20 Na2S2O3  until the solution become yellow. Then add 2ml of starch solution and then again titrate till the blue colour disappears. Repeat titration for three readings. 7- Repeat the step 6 with other samples of water and records the observation. Observation Table Titration : I * Volume of distilled water taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 1. ml| 0. 9ml| 7. 7ml| 2. | 0. 9ml| 16. 6ml| 7. 7ml| 3. | 16. 6ml| 24. 0ml| 7. 7ml| Titration : II * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na 2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 10. 1 ml. | 16. 2 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 2. | 16. 2 ml. | 22. 3 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | 3. | 22. 3 ml. | 28. 4 ml. | 6. 1 ml. | Titration : III * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. sed| 1. | 8. 9 ml. | 14. 1 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 2. | 14. 1 ml. | 19. 3 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | 3. | 19. 3 ml. | 14. 5 ml. | 5. 2 ml. | Titration : IV * Volume of water sample I taken 100ml * Volume of bleaching powder sol. added 20ml * Volume of KI solution added 20ml Burette Reading Sr. No. | Initial| Final| Final Vol. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  sol. used| 1. | 16. 1 ml. | 21. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 2. | 21. 1 ml. | 27. 1 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | 3. | 27. 1 ml. | 32. 6 ml. | 5. 5 ml. | Calculations : Sample I (TAP WATER) Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water samples I. = (7. 7 – 6. 1) ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solution. 1. 6ml. 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder =5/500 = 0. 01gm. 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 7. 7ml of 0. 2N of Na2SO4 So 1ml of Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution. Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 1. 6 x 20/7. 7ml. 1. 6 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution =1. 6 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 =  0. 4156 gm Calculations : Sample II (POND WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water. = (7. 7 – 5. 2) ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 2. 5ml 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder = 0. 1 gm. 7. 7ml. of 0. 2N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution So 1ml of Na2S2O3  = 20ml. of bleaching powder solution. Volume of CaoCl2  solution required to disinfect 100ml of water. = 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 5 x 20/7. 7 ml. of bleaching powder solution. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder required to disinfect 1 let. of wate r. = 2. 5 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 25 x 2/7. 7 =  0. 6493 gm. Calculations : Sample III (TANK WATER) :- Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water. = (7. 7 – 5. 5 ) = 2. 2ml of 0. 2 N of Na2S2O3  solutions. ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching powder. = 5/500 = 0. 01gm 7. 7 ml. of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  = 20ml of bleaching powder solution. so 1ml of 0. 2 N Na2S2O3  solution = 20/7. 7 ml volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100ml of water = 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml. 2. 2 x 20/7. 7 ml of bleaching powder solution = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 gm / 7. 7 of bleaching powder Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1 ltr. of water = 2. 2 x 20 x 0. 01 x 1000 / 7. 7 x 100 = 22 x 2/77 =  0. 5714gm Results Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required to disinfect one liter of water :- Samples I = 0. 4156Samples II = 0. 6493 Samples III = 0. 5714 Thus we get the amount required for disinfection and if bleaching powder is taken less than this amount water will remain impure and if it taken in excess than this will also be harmful as it will contain chlorine. The results shows that Samples II is the imputes water as the amount of bleaching powder requires is maximum and Sample I is less impure than others as the bleaching powder used is minimum. The tables also show the difference. Titration III has minimum reading because of impurities and titration I has maximum reading because the sample was distilled water.Conclusion : This is the convenient method of sterilizing water. It leaves no impurities and its harmful effect if bleaching powder is taken in right amount. In this way we can calculate the amount of bleaching powder required for any sample of water and then take it in large amount if the water is to be disinfected in large scale as in water works. And thus the only cause of using bleaching powder to disinfect water instead of any other method is this that it kills all germs and bacteria due to its chemical action and provides us a pure sample of water to use for all purpose.

Evenin Air Blues

Evenin Air Blues The poem Evenin’ Air Blues written by Langston Hughes was published in 1951. The poem consists of four six line stanzas or sestets. In the poem, a poor black man, who is probably an escaped slave, in a sad tone, speaks about the mismatch between the picture of Northern American states that existed among the Southern slaves and the reality in which although there is no slavery, living conditions are hard, and people can hardly makes their ends meet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evenin’ Air Blues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first stanza of Evenin’ Air Blues is a sestet, and the rhyme scheme is â€Å"ababcb†. The rhyming words are â€Å"North†, â€Å"fine†, â€Å"months† and â€Å"mind†. The first two words are repeated two times each. He chose those particular words to emphasize the basic introductory information which is the location – North, i ts alleged description – fine, the amount of time he spent there – months, and the effect it had on him – that he almost lost his mind. Some critics have pointed out that rhyming â€Å"fine† and â€Å"minds† is technically a really bad move, and that it takes away much of the poems quality (Tracy, 158). Repetition as a tool is used here to show how rumors about the life in the North are repeated almost like a mantra among the Southern slaves. The second stanza of the poem also consists of six lines with the rhyme scheme is â€Å"efefgf†. The words that carry the rhyme are â€Å"breakfast†, â€Å"air†, â€Å"supper† and â€Å"spare†, the first two of which are used twice. The most prominent words that carry the rhyme are related to food – â€Å"breakfast† and â€Å"supper†, and they are used alongside the word â€Å"air† which is associated with emptiness and void. By doing this, the poe t achieves his goal of vividly describing the day-by-day struggle that all of the black people faced. The main tool here is literal image. Hughes uses it very effectively so the reader can almost feel his long days without food and shelter. The physical repetition of words parallels the sameness of days in his life. That way, we get the picture of the lack of basic existential necessities that the speaker faces. In the third stanza, we get somewhat different but simple rhyme scheme – â€Å"hjhjhj†, but the number of lines is the same as in the first two. The rhyming words in this stanza are â€Å"dancin’†, â€Å"away†, â€Å"stay†, and the first two are, again, repeated two times. The word â€Å"dancin’† is chosen and repeated to transfer the atmosphere of dance nights; â€Å"away† is used in order to show the effect dance has on his sadness, and â€Å"stay† is used to emphasize the permanence of his melancholy on ly occasionally interrupted by dances. In this stanza, the reader is introduced to the idea of dance as an antidote to poverty and suffering in a big city. The main tool in this stanza is personification, which is apparent in the last line, when the poet says how â€Å"blues forgets to stay†. In my view, by using this tool, the poet wants to emphasize how the speaker feels the blues as a conscious force or a spirit because of its power over him. This stanza shows us that artistic expression is what keeps people sane and gives them power to endure the hardships they face.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The final stanza is quite distinct from the rest of the poem since it is written in the rhyme scheme â€Å"kkkkkk†, which is a very unusual rhyme. In this stanza, the words that carry the rhyme are â€Å"me†, which is repeated three times,  "be† repeated two times and â€Å"see†. â€Å"Me† and â€Å"be† are used in an altering way to indicate how the speaker’s person is the permanent dwelling of the blues. The word â€Å"see† is used almost as a call for the reader to notice how apparent the cause of his sadness is. As for the number of lines, this stanza conforms to the rest of the poem, which means that it has six lines. The main tool which is used here very effectively is internal rhyme, and it can be found in the last line where the poet rhymes â€Å"me† and â€Å"see† line internally. The poet uses the opportunity to repeat the word â€Å"me† for the fourth time in this stanza almost as a way of physically pointing at himself to draw the attention of the society at his conditions. This effect is made even stronger since the word is rhymed with the verb â€Å"see†, which calls for people’s attention almost like an imperative. In conclusion, one might say that although criticized for its technical issues like problematic rhyme in â€Å"fine – mind† and dialectal inconsistencies, this poem is very valuable because it provides a vivid picture of disappointment in the life in the North. It is also worth adding that the poet has succeeded in transferring the lives of ordinary, poor, black people into artistic expression, and at the same time, he preserved the tone and atmosphere of everyday life by using the colloquial Southern dialect. Tracy, Steven C.. Langston Hughes the blues. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. Print.

Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia

Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia Introduction Kertha Gosa Ceiling and Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia are both spiritual world artworks. Both have come a long way and have advanced with the advancing technology. Many countries of world have embraced such artworks with some neglecting the importance of such artworks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though many see art as an economic activity to make money, both artworks tend to focus much on passing important information to a target group. Many religious artworks have taken the form of sculpture and not paintings. Many may ask why the dreaming and the Kertha ceiling have used painting and not sculpturing. This paper will discuss the artworks, their contexts and their similarities giving insight also to their differences, as well as their significance. Dreaming paintings by Aborigi nes of Australia Over a long period, Aborigine’s paintings have advanced to the point of intertwining with the public dissertation, with a great recognition in Australia and the rest of the world. The Aboriginal people use this art represent them and their culture. The aspect and the concept of dreaming come from the aborigine’s ancestors and the rainbow serpent that went through the land leaving marks and topographical features (Mayer 145). They set the moral and social laws to guide the people into a significant order of being. To the aborigines dreaming goes beyond the literal meaning and describes a balance between the elements of nature, spirit and morals. They believe that a person’s dreaming depends on the point of his/her birth labor pains reception, for that is the place where one receives the ancestral spirits. Stylistic characteristics of the Dreaming paintings The aborigine’s paintings have evolved greatly with its history changing from time t o time. All over visual and oral expressions have always advanced among the aboriginal societies. Before invasion, the people possessed over two hundred divergent languages. Today an approximate of fifty languages exists with each possessing a range of 1-2000 speakers. This is because of the great emphasis on multilingualism and use of visual and oral values. The paintings are traditionally symbolic. They include conventional designs as well as symbols which when painted on a person or an object brings a religious importance to them.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some symbols combine to give a more complex story. Other painting put emphasis to the connection of the aboriginal people to their land to demonstrate their obligation to the land (Mayer 165). They used stone to paint on their artworks, which show durability, and a long living artwork. The methods of painting range from etching, screen-printing, relief printing, calligraphy, to lithography. The artwork utilizes other different materials and techniques of painting such as ochre with a compacted end of a stick to produce high quality dots. Ochres produce a thick and a warm color for use in modern artwork. Most of the paints used are result from pounding the ochres and mixing with a fluid, which can be blood, to make it thick. Kertha Gosa Ceiling Kertha Gosa pavilion, a place of justice discussions with the king, existed from the 18th century. The pavilion is a Balinese work located within the Klungkung Palace. The pavilion utilized a special architecture with several divisions. Specifically, the pavilion possessed both ritual and functional purpose. Dewa Agung, depicting the story of Bhima Swarga, later repainted the pavilion, to show how Bhima went to hell, seeing how people suffered their inequities, to rescue his father’s soul for heavens. In his mission, Bhima was in the compan y of two of his reliable servants. This represents the theme of justice in the pavilion. Stylistic characteristics of Kertha Gosa Ceiling The technique used to smear the pavilion’s ceiling portrays iconography. Many artists in their works have adopted this style today. The characters used in the Bhima Swarga painting are majorly symbolic, and each carries a different message. These characters are either Kasar or Halus (Pucci 212). Both are different. Halus characters on one-side posses the aspects of softness and fine quality. On the other hand, Kasar involves those that are makeshift and bumpy. The artwork contains demons and devils, which are rough and coarse textured. This then portrays the kasar characteristic of the artwork. Bhima and his brother paintings bring out the Halus characteristics since their hand are smooth and refined as well as their fragile fingers. It is also important to note that their eyes and the heads have a Kasar effect since they are at an angle. T he thumb of Bhima Swarga has a long nail representing his armaments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Kertha Gosa Ceiling vs. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines of Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social hierarchy is another aspect that the painting artwork portrays. The ways Bhima and his bother stand, their position, as well as their body sizes are very symbolic. In his story, Bhima Swarga is the â€Å"god† or the top one. In the painting, Bhima placed above his brothers showing his supremacy (Pucci 205). His servants stand next to him and the sons slightly below their father. It painted in way that depicts the separation of hell and the heavens. This is by use of rows separating each other. At central position of the artwork there is a lotus bordered by doves, which in turn represent a future fate. Similarities of the two Artworks Both artworks utilize the painting style, which is a creative way to express an idea or feeling. It represents the aesthetic effect, which make the artwork more influential. Over many years, painted artworks have received great recognition and thus have grown greatly over the world. Both artworks portray a complex message by combining ideas. They both have an outside and an inward meaning, which are outright and hidden respectively. Difference between the two Artworks The Dreaming paintings by Aborigines artwork has advanced to include plays and movies, which the Kertha Gosa Ceiling remains as a painted artwork. Dreaming has advanced greatly since it provides for innovations and due to the advance in technology. The dreaming painting does not contain the society hierarchy aspect unlike the Kertha Gosa ceiling. Conclusion Artwork has gained recognition over the whole in the past three centuries. Painting has gained a major recognition as method of coming up with a piece of artwork. Religious settings have also advanced with the increase in use of pain ted works to pass or portray a religious message. However, some people over the world have not yet embraced such artworks. Kertha Gosa Ceiling and. Dreaming paintings by Aborigines artwork are part of these religious artworks, which have challenged the art sector greatly. Both artworks are religious and focus a particular people. The use of painting allows use of aesthetic aspects, which tends to communicate on its own. All the nations should embrace to use such artwork in order to promote various religions more importantly than to earn money.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mayer, Ralph. The Artists Handbook of Materials and Techniques. New York: Viking, 1970. Print. Pucci, Idanna. Bhima Swarga: The Balinese Journey of the Soul. Boston: Little Brown, 1992. Print.

Common Plastics We Use Every Single Day

Common Plastics We Use Every Single Day You probably do not realize the impact that the invention of plastic has had in your life. In just 60 short years, plastics popularity has grown considerably. This is largely due to just a few reasons. They can be easily molded into a wide range of products, and they offer benefits that other materials do not. How Many Types of Plastic Are There? You may think that plastic is just plastic, but there are actually about 45 different families of plastics. In addition, each of these families can be made with hundreds of different variations. By changing different molecular factors of the plastic, they can be made with different properties, including flexibility, transparency, durability, and more. Thermoset or Thermoplastics? Plastics can all be separated into two primary categories:Â  thermoset and thermoplastic. Thermoset plastics are those that when cooled and hardened retain their shape and cannot return to original form. Durability is a benefit meaning that they can be used for tires, auto parts, aircraft parts, and more. Thermoplastics are less hard than the thermosets. They can become soft when heated and can return to their original form. They are easily molded to be formed into fibers, packaging, and films. Polyethylene Most household plastic packaging is made from polyethylene. It comes in almost 1,000 different grades. Some of the most common household items are the plastic film, bottles, sandwich bags, and even types of piping. Polyethylene can also be found in some fabrics and in mylar as well. Polystyrene Polystyrene can form a harder, impact-resistant plastic that is used for cabinets, computer monitors, TVs, utensils, and glasses. If it is heated and the air is added to the mixture, it turns into what is called EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) also known by the Dow Chemical tradename, Styrofoam. This is a lightweight rigid foam that is used for insulation and for packaging. Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon This type of plastic was developed by DuPont in 1938. The benefits of it are that it is almost frictionless on the surface and it is a stable, strong, and is a heat-resistant type of plastic. It is most commonly used in products like bearings, film, plumbing tape, cookware, and tubing, as well as waterproof coatings and films. Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC This type of plastic is durable, non-corrosive, as well as affordable. This is why it is used for pipes and plumbing. It does have one downfall, however, and that is the fact that a plasticizer has to be added to make it soft and moldable and this substance may leach out of it over a long period of time, which makes it brittle and subject to breaking. Polyvinylidene Chloride or Saran This plastic is recognized by its ability to conform to the shape of a bowl or other item. It is used mainly for films and wraps that need to be impermeable to food odors. Saran wrap is one of the most popular wraps for storing food. Polyethylene LDPE and HDPE Perhaps the most common type of plastic is polyethylene. This plastic can be separated into two different types, including low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. The differences in them make them ideal for different uses. For example, LDPE is soft and flexible, so it is used in garbage bags, films, wraps, bottles, and disposable gloves. HDPE is a harder plastic and is used mainly in containers, but was first introduced in the hula hoop. As you can tell, the world of plastics is quite large, and getting larger with the recycling of plastics. Learning more about the different types of plastic can enable you to see that this invention has had a strong impact on the world at large. From drinking bottles to sandwich bags to pipes to cookware and more, plastic is a big part of your everyday life, no matter what type of life you lead.

An analyst for the Bank of England and you have been asked to analyse Essay

An analyst for the Bank of England and you have been asked to analyse and critically evaluate the causes and consequences of the - Essay Example It is apparent that events in the previous years such as the dotcom crash, bankruptcies and frauds of large firms such as Enron and the sub prime crisis all lead to successive weakening of the financial markets. The money and capital markets showed extreme distress selling and in the crash, assets were depreciated to the extent of 300 trillion USD. Money supply and demand underwent some dynamic changes with banks reluctant to release funds to borrowers for fear of that the loans would not repaid. The UK government attempted to correct the problems by bring in a number of measures and methods. These included macroeconomic instruments and quantitative easing that was used for the first time in UK financial history. The market reacted in a diffident manner to these economic policies and some slight recovery is apparent in the GDP, inflation and other indicators. Table of Contents An analyst for the Bank of England and you have been asked to analyse and critically evaluate the causes and consequences of the world financial crisis of 2007/2008 in the UK 1 January 19, 2013 1 1. Introduction 5 2. Causes and consequences of the financial crisis 6 3. Response of capital and money markets 11 4. Response and effectiveness of the macroeconomic policies 16 5. Conclusions 26 References 28 List of Figures Figure 2.1. LIBOR-OIS Spreads (Kacperczyk and Schnabl, 2012) 7 Figure 2.2. Rise in risk premium (McKibbin and Stoeckel, 2009) 8 Figure 2.3. Euro Area Government Bond Rate (Kacperczyk and Schnabl, 2012) 10 Figure 2.4. The US housing bubble and crash (McKibbin and Stoeckel, 2009) 10 Figure 3.1. UK market index FTSE100 (Stockcube 2012) 11 Figure 3.2. Global financial assets value reduction (McKinsey, 2009) 12 Figure 3.3. Dispersion in Money Market Funds (Kacperczyk and Schnabl, 2012) 13 Figure 3.4. Asset holding and their spread (Kacperczyk and Schnabl, 2012) 14 Figure 3.5. M2 Multiplier and the ratio of M2 to reserves (Hodson and Mabbett, 2009) 16 Figure 4.1. GBP response to p olicies (Benford, et al, 2010) 17 Figure 4.2. UK Percent Change in GDP (Benford, et al 2010) 18 Figure 4.3. Central Banks Asset Holdings (Benford, et al 2010) 19 Figure 4.4. Transmission mechanism for purchase of assets (Benford, et al 2010) 20 Figure 4.5. Desired movement of the LM curve (Thomas, 2010) 21 Figure 4.6. Actual movement of the LM curve (Benford, et al 2010) 22 Figure 4.7. New equilibrium point in the IS-LM model (Athey, 2009) 23 Figure 4.8. Impact of QE on the economy (Joyce, et al, 2011) 24 Figure 4.9. UK Money Multiplier (Bank of England, 2010) 25 Figure 4.10. UK GDP growth (ONS, 2012) 25 Figure 4.11. UK CPI Inflation rate (Benford, et al, 2011) 26 1. Introduction The previous decade saw one of the worst and most widespread financial crisis in modern history when global financial markets crashed from 2007-2008. The financial loss across the world measured in terms of devaluation of assets, insolvencies of banks and asset depreciation is estimated at 290 trillion Doll ars (Barrel, 2011). According to a report by Rose and Spiegel (2009), the recession was fallout of the sub prime crisis that originated in 2005 and the market crash occurred in 2007. Mishkin (2008) is of the opinion that the years before 2007 that saw the dotcom boom and bust, the peak in crude oil prices and the high value of the stock market were signs that a crash was coming. Nothing was done to prevent the market